Remarks
Antony J. Blinken
Deputy Secretary of State
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Washington, DC
April 14, 2016
Good morning. Thank you all very, very much. Minister Brahim, it is
wonderful to see you, to be with you today. Ambassador Gouia, my friend,
Minister Muashar, also very good to see you again, and so many friends
and colleagues who are here, it is a great privilege to join you this
morning.
Let me though, before I get started, just quickly return the favor.
We have a big problem, which is that Bill and I have a mutual admiration
society, and it is convening today once again briefly. Let me just say
this. There is a tendency in global affairs today to prioritize the
urgent over the important, to judge by the tweet rather than the fact,
to question the value of embassies in an age where social media makes
everyone a diplomat.
And in this world where things are moving so quickly and so fast and
so much information is coming at you, there are a few individuals,
really just a very few, whose character, whose composure, and whose
caliber embody the very mission of diplomacy and whose record of
leadership remind us of diplomacy’s tremendous relevance to everything
we are doing today.
In my experience, Bill Burns embodies exactly that. He is one of
those very, very few people. I have a little post-it note on my desk
that I inherited from Bill that reads WWBD – What Would Bill Do. I refer
to it all too frequently. And I suppose if Bill had to go anywhere
after State, we’re particularly grateful that it was here to Carnegie,
where he has continued to illuminate the path forward on the most
critical issues of our day.
And what brings us together today is exactly that—one of those issues thanks to Bill’s leadership.
So, Bill and the entire Carnegie team, thank you for your work to
shape this conversation—to bring so many people around what is a
critical issue. Your tireless engagement with the government of Tunisia,
with Tunisian civil society, with the international community has shed
light on the challenges ahead, the milestones that we have to reach, and
the importance of working together to help Tunisia achieve those goals.
Two hundred and seventeen years ago, America, fresh from
independence, sent its first-ever Consul across the Atlantic to
negotiate peace and secure trade with the Bey of Tunis.
One hundred and fifty-one years ago, a magnificent portrait of the
Bey was given to the United States as a kind gesture in a trying time
and now hangs with great appreciation in our State Department.
And last year, last May, President Obama welcomed President Caid
Essebsi to the Oval Office and hosted the first-ever meeting between a
U.S. president and a democratically elected Tunisian president.
Across this long arc of history, both our nations have experienced
times of great struggle and setback as we have pursued—forever
forward—societies that reflect our principles and actually live our
values. Here in the United States, we are reminded almost every day that
our journey is still far from complete.
In Tunisia, against the greatest of headwinds, people are proving
that no one—no single country, no single culture, no single faith—has a
monopoly on the ideals of democracy.
Across the political spectrum, secularists and Islamists, left and
right, have come together in common purpose that shows how democratic
transitions, while incredibly difficult, can succeed through courageous
leadership and national consensus.
In just a few short years, the Tunisian people have negotiated a
peaceful transfer of power from a transitional government to a
democratically elected coalition government.
They drafted a new inclusive constitution that protects the freedom of
assembly, the freedom of the press, and the freedom of religion, upholds
human rights, guarantees equality for men and women.
They cast ballots in a free and fair election, choosing from more
than 100 political parties. We have just two of them—I can only think
100. Challenging.
They have created space for civil society to flourish. For the second
year in a row, Freedom House has categorized Tunisia as “free”—the first
Arab country to be recognized in this way.
Last year, when the Nobel Committee awarded a coalition of Tunisian
human rights defenders, lawyers, business owners, and labor leaders the
highest prize for peace, it was in recognition of the tremendous
commitment of the Tunisian people to chisel the fragile foundations of
democratic governance out of the rubble of dictatorship and revolution.
I say all this because it is easy and understandable—and we’ll come
to it—to get fixated and focused on the challenges, the shortcomings,
the deficits, they’re real, they’re deep, and they’re difficult. We’ll
talk about them. But it is so important to level-set too, and put into
perspective what has been achieved, what Tunisians have achieved in the
most difficult circumstances imaginable.
It has not been easy, and at times the forces of opposition to
progress, opposition to freedom, they have grown perilously strong.
Political leaders were assassinated during the transition, putting at
risk the very change for which the Tunisian people had marched in the
streets.
Violent extremists too have tried everything they can to prevent Tunisia’s democratic experiment from succeeding.
Last year, as Bill mentioned, I was in Tunisia, and I visited the
National Bardo Museum to pay tribute to those, Tunisians and foreigners,
who lost their lives in that horrific attack—an attack that stuck at
Tunisia’s very history and soul, but actually even more broadly in a
sense, at civilization.
The contrast, our Tunisian friends know this so well and those of you
who have had a chance to visit, this is one of the most extraordinary
museums in the world. I have rarely been as overwhelmed at the sheer
magnificence of what was there as in visiting the Bardo, but when you
contrast that with the horror of what took place there.
The time I visited, the bullet holes were still there. In fact, the
Director of the Museum was kind enough to give us a tour—actually walked
us through the very trajectory that the terrorists had taken that day,
and the contrast between the extraordinary beauty of the place and the
civilization that it represented and what had happened on that day
couldn’t have been stronger. But it was still there.
Still standing. And
people were there, still coming. And that is what is so important.
But this evil at the heart of the attack on the Bardo Museum, in
Sousse, on Ben Guerdane just this past March have raised the specter of
the violence that has torn apart other countries in the region.
As of now I think it is fair to say and safe to say that the
terrorists and recidivists have failed. Their savagery has only hardened
Tunisia’s resolve to meet the ideology of terror with a commitment to
the rule of law.
The challenges facing Tunisia are as great as any young democracy
must face: challenges of fully eradicating corruption, engaging
marginalized populations in its interior region, reducing the weight of
bureaucracy, getting people, especially young people, into productive
jobs, and translating reforms into tangible results for all Tunisians.
Unless these challenges are met, it is true that the hope and promise of
this extraordinary democratic transition is at risk. It is at risk of
withering. It is at risk of losing the unique opportunity Tunisians have
right now to chart a much brighter future.
I think what Carnegie has done today, Bill, is to put forward an
ambitious plan to confront the challenges directly. At the heart of its
proposal is a message that could not be more important: the need for the
international community and the Tunisian government and people to
tackle these challenges together. Both sides have to deliver if we are
going to succeed.
As Tunisia’s leaders strengthen their commitment to reform, we will
continue to bolster their efforts—helping to fill vital needs, provide
critical know-how, and help cushion the near term pain of change,
because we know that the decisions that are being made by political
leaders are difficult.
They are hard. And they sometimes require real
risk up front. They sometimes require what seems to be sometimes a step
back in being able to deliver for people before you can take a leap
forward. And that is hard, hard, hard to do.
We are determined to match Tunisia’s commitment with our
own—deepening the political, economic, and security support it needs to
make the most of their moment.
First, we are committed to help Tunisians consolidate their
democratic gains as the greatest bulwark of long-term growth and
stability and an important counterpoint to those who believe that Islam
is somehow incompatible with democracy.
In rapid order, Tunisia has worked to improve accountability among
security services, combat corruption, and hold the first-ever municipal
elections. We have invested in their efforts to reform the security and
justice systems—providing safe and effective crowd control training,
helping create a prison classification system to properly identify
high-risk offenders, inmates with special needs, and low-risk offenders
who can be referred to community corrections programs.
Just this past February—February 2—the Tunisian parliament approved
amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure that strengthens detainee
rights. The new provisions grant suspects the right to a lawyer from the
first moment of detention, shorten the maximum time someone can spend
in detention without being charged, and invalidate court proceedings if
the Code of Criminal Procedure is breached. The reform addresses in part
at least concerns over continued allegations of torture and other
mistreatment by police. And, of course, what is always critical is the
implementation, and we’ll be looking to that and Tunisians will be
looking to that, but the legal framework is there, and that is what is
so important.
At the same time, we have helped Tunisia’s parliament and parties
institutionalize the democratic practices that the nation’s leaders have
started—including things like helping Members of Parliament,
parliamentary groups and commissions develop ways to solicit input from
citizens, document and track citizen requests, and prioritize issues to
be debated and addressed through legislation.
Because after all, they are there as representatives of the people,
and their job, just as it is here for our legislators, is to try and
address the concerns of the people.
They need to know them. They need to be responsive to them. And they need to act on them.
On March 11, the Tunisian Parliament passed 123-0 a landmark bill
requiring public institutions to publish on their websites reports of
oversight bodies, a full budget broken down by regions and
municipalities, information concerning public services and contracts.
This transparency in government is critical to the credibility of
governance, to creating confidence of the citizenry in its elected
representatives and the executive branch.
These reform efforts have not only been called for by donors and
implemented by government officials. They have been demanded by Tunisian
society, itself. Carrying forward their nation’s history of a rich and
vibrant civil society, Tunisians are reclaiming space once denied them
to actively participate in their nation’s political and economic life.
In both 2011 and 2014, more than three thousand trained and certified
Tunisian election observers fanned out across the nation to send
real-time reports and show skeptics what an open, free, fair, and
competitive election in an Arab country looks like.
And more recently, new civil society organizations have formed to
prevent the spread of violent extremism and stop the recruitment,
radicalization, and mobilization of young people as agents of terror.
There is real movement in this area, and we are working to support it.
Second, we are helping deliver on the promises of the revolution by
improving the daily lives of Tunisians. The pressure on Tunisia’s young
democracy to meet the economic expectations of its citizens, to move the
economy forward is simply extraordinary, especially given all that we
know about the link between jobs and security.
Over a third of Tunisians are under 25 years old. And Tunisians
between the ages of 15 and 30 comprise of only one-third the labor
force, but three-quarters of the unemployed. The outlook for employment
remains challenging, but we’re focused on helping this cohort emerge as
an engine for progress rather than become a recruitment pool for violent
extremists.
There is, of course, no grievance so bitter, no disadvantage so deep
that it ever justifies terrorism, but unemployment, marginalization, and
hopelessness can sow the seeds of radicalization, just as education,
opportunity, and good governance can form the roots of sustainable,
inclusive prosperity.
We have to address these environmental issues that
put communities and people more at risk of going the wrong way and
conversely actually strengthening their resilience and making it less
likely.
With our technical assistance and support, Tunisia’s leaders are
enacting tough economic reforms and working to create an environment in
which business can thrive. I have had the opportunity to talk to the
Minister about this in the past. There is a very strong reform agenda,
but again I want to emphasize, we know how difficult it is—inherently
these are challenging political decisions, and it is very difficult in
any political system, including our own, to recognize and act on the
need for short-term pain in order to get longer-term gain, but that is
the challenge before Tunisia.
Late last year, Parliament adopted the Competition and Prices Law to
reduce barriers to investment, while closing some of the loopholes that
allowed companies to use political influence to secure a monopoly or fix
prices. And the new Public Private Partnership law will allow for
quicker and greater mobilization of capital into public projects,
especially for badly needed infrastructure.
We have extended almost one billion dollars in loan guarantees to
help the Tunisian government gain affordable financing. And with $60
million in seed funding from the U.S., the Tunisian American Enterprise
Fund is ramping up its investments in small businesses, like an IT firm
in Sousse, a textile company in Mandouba, and ceramics shop in Nabeul.
These small and medium sized enterprises are truly engines for growth
and employment, and we have a very strong incentive in helping create an
environment and helping give them any additional resources they need to
try and take off.
But it is not enough to help established businesses grow. We also
want young people to start them. We want to help Tunisia foster an
innovation ecosystem that allows new ventures to flourish and
entrepreneurs to fail and try again on the road to success.
Parenthetically, it is one of the most interesting cultural
challenges that we see around the world—one of the things that people
look to the United States for is this entrepreneurial and innovative
capacity, and one of the hallmarks of that capacity, as all of you know,
is actually a willingness to fail and indeed if you are successful and
you haven’t failed once people look at you a little suspiciously.
But we have a system that allows for people to fail, and not be out
of the game. Bankruptcy, for example, is absolutely critical, so there
are a series of laws that need to be taken into account to create a
system in which people can take risks and not literally worry about
losing their shirt or their roof over their head, and at the same time
there is a cultural dynamic to all this in getting people to recognize
that it is okay to fail, that that may be the road ultimately to
succeeding.
That is why we have helped the government make it easier for new
businesses to register and access financing. We’ve expanded our exchange
programs for students and increased our support for entrepreneurs. The
Thomas Jefferson Scholarship Program. The Fulbright Tunisia Tech+
Scholars. Through those programs, nearly 500 Tunisians have qualified to
study at universities and community colleges across the United States.
Through USAID, we are training the next generation of Tunisian youth
with the skills they need in math, science, and engineering to compete
in a high-tech marketplace.
But for growth to stick, for unemployment to come down, Tunisia has
to continue pursuing and implementing significant reforms, including
revisions to its investment code, banking sector, and tax and customs
administration—all of which, if done successfully, will attract more
investments and facilitate entrepreneurship and job growth.
Third and in parallel with our political and economic partnerships,
we are deepening the security cooperation in a way that protects our
citizens and strengthens Tunisia’s capability to defeat those who
threaten its freedom and security.
This past September, Tunisia joined more than 60 other nations in the
Global Counter-ISIL or Counter-Daesh Coalition. We are consulting
closely about the danger posed by regional instability, especially in
neighboring Libya, where a real and effective government of national
unity is urgently needed and is now starting to take root. Our
cooperation with Tunisia has never been more important in this area, as
we work to stop the threat posed by foreign terrorist fighters traveling
to and from Iraq and Syria, as well as to Libya.
The United States has been working to double our security assistance,
which has already enabled the Tunisians to acquire badly needed
equipment, including night vision goggles, body armor, armored vehicles.
More importantly, it has provided training to help modernize Tunisia’s
police, its national guard, its military into modern forces that capable
of defeating threats while also respecting the rule of law.
To this end, we have helped improve the way their forces engage with
communities, especially those in the interior and the south, and helped
them develop more effective tools for gathering evidence so the practice
of torture is fully excised.
Ultimately, Tunisians know that the reflex to meet extremism with
extremism only provokes a dangerous spiral of grievance and repression.
The stakes today could not be any higher.
Across the region, governments are confronting the very same
questions as Tunisia—questions of stability and security, of rights and
freedoms—without always understanding the answer. The fundamental truth
that we recognize and that we grapple with too is that there is no
choice between the protection of our citizens and the preservation of
our values. It cannot be either-or. It must be both.
Over the long-term, we believe from our own experience but also from
the experience of countries around the world that democracy serves as
the strongest defense against violent extremism and radicalization
precisely because it gives all people the opportunity to express their
rights, pursue their ambitions, and redress their grievances peacefully.
In the short-term what is required is tremendous patience, perseverance, and engagement.
As Carnegie’s report emphasizes, we have to do our part to help the
Tunisian people actually see the dividends of democracy. We have to
prioritize the coordination of our assistance and ensure it is delivered
to the parts of Tunisian society that need it the most.
Now the experts say on average, successful transitions from
dictatorship to full democracy with rule of law take somewhere between
15 or 20 years in the best of circumstances. Fifteen to 20 years in the
best of circumstances.
For Tunisia, it’s been five years. So we need to put our expectations
in line with the reality of the difficulty and the duration of these
transitions.
No country can serve as the perfect model for another and there are
no guarantees, but Tunisia’s early experiences—against a backdrop of
regional chaos and violence—teach us of the importance prioritizing the
interests and investing in the human capital of our citizens.
No organization has been a stronger voice for this message than
al-Bawsala, an organization that I know is well known to pretty much all
of you in this room.
Set up in the months after Tunisia’s first parliamentary elections by
talented young Tunisians, al-Bawsala dedicated itself to helping its
fellow citizens see inside their political process for the very first
time and as a result feel some ownership for that process and some
ownership for the direction of their country. In 2013, the French paper
Le Monde nicknamed this young transparency team “les incorruptibles.”
Not long ago, the organization’s founder and president Amira Yahyaoui
explained it this way: “My biggest frustration,” she said, “is that
each time I had to explain why we should vote for independence of the
judiciary, why we should vote for gender equality. Each time, I never
had an example from the region. There was no precedent in the
region—there is no precedence in any country that looks like us. I think
what Tunisia did is that tomorrow a Libyan NGO, or a Yemeni NGO, or a
Syrian NGO can point to Tunisia and say, ‘Put it in our constitution
too.’ ” That is what they did. That is incredibly powerful, and it is
more needed than it has ever been.
Young Tunisians like Amira have propelled their nation into
courageous but also uncharted lands, where it must now stay the course.
That really is the hard part. We know there are going to be hard days
ahead. We know there are going to be setbacks. We know there are going
to be sacrifices. It is easy to say that at a distance of an ocean, but
it is so much harder for our Tunisians friends to live that every single
day, but to keep standing and keep moving forward.
But as Tunisians seek to build the Arab world’s newest democracy,
they do have the support of friends all over the world, especially in
the United States and significantly right here in this room. The
Carnegie report emphasizes how important it is for all of us to work
together, to combine our capacities and insights to ensure we are
maximizing the potential of our partnerships. That is very powerful too.
So I really wanted this opportunity to come and pay respect to our
Tunisian friends, and to pay respect to the tremendous work that
Carnegie has done trying to marshal some of the thinking and the energy
and commitment that exists here in the United States and around the
world for Tunisia. So to our Tunisian friends and to Carnegie, thank you
for all that you have done to help Tunisia usher in a future that its
people have fought for and a future that they deserve—one of peace, one
of prosperity, one of security, of democracy for every single Tunisian.
Thank you very, very much.
